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</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:300px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Sixth Party System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr>

<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b><a href="1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>–present<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br></b></td>

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</table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div>United States presidential election results between 1964 and 1976 during the Dealignment Period, and results during the main Sixth Party System between 1980 and 2024. <span style="color:blue;">Blue</span> shaded states usually voted for the Democratic Party, while <span style="color:red;">red</span> shaded states usually voted for the Republican Party.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The architects of the "Southern Switch": <a href="Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, the first Republican to win the <a href="Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> since <a href="Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>; <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the first Republican since Reconstruction to win both the Deep South and the South at-large simultaneously; <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, the Republican who kept the South permanently Republican in presidential elections; <a href="Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, the Republican who flipped the Congressional South in the <a href="Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">1994 Republican Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div>

<p>The <b>Sixth Party System</b> is the era in <a href="United_States_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="United States politics">United States politics</a> following the <a href="Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a>. As with any <a href="Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a>, opinions differ on when the Sixth Party System may have begun, with suggested dates ranging from the late 1960s to the <a href="Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> of 1994. Nonetheless, there is agreement among scholars that the Sixth Party System features strong division between the <a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> parties, which are rooted in socioeconomic, class, cultural, religious, educational and racial issues, and debates over the proper role of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This party system likely began as a result of a <a href="Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">long-term realignment</a> of conservative <a href="Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, particularly those in the <a href="Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecratic</a> movement, into the Republican Party because of their disillusionment by the previous realignment of Progressives into the Democratic Party, though the exact timing of the realignment is usually called into question. A "dealignment" period may have begun in 1964, when <a href="Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> became the first Republican since <a href="Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> to win the <a href="Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> (although he lost the overall South),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the previously heavily-Democratic South at-large and Deep South alternated between parties. The Southern realignment wouldn't finalize until 1984 when <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> made all of the South permanently Republican. This Dixiecratic realignment – known as the <a href="Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a> – would allow Republicans to dominate the White House from 1968 to 1992, though dominant control of Congress would remain in Democratic hands because of the Southern seats in Congress remaining a solid Democratic bloc until the Republicans flipped the Congressional South in the 1994 <a href="Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>. This phenomenon of realignment lag caused heavy ticket-splitting (i.e. the "[Richard] Nixon Democrats" and "<a href="Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>").

</p><p>In addition to this Southern realignment, a second realignment occurred among centrist "<a href="Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">independents</a>" in the North and West who supported <a href="John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a> in <a href="1980_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 United States Presidential Election">1980</a> and <a href="Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in <a href="1992_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 United States Presidential Election">1992</a> and <a href="1996_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 United States Presidential Election">1996</a>. Following the 1996 election, these centrists became part of the Democratic Party and by <a href="2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, Democrats had new-found dominance in the North and West. This realignment caused heavy polarization.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_perspectives">Scholarly perspectives</h2></div>

<p>The Sixth Party System is characterized by an electoral shift from the electoral coalitions of the Fifth Party System during the <a href="New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. The Republican Party became the dominant party in the <a href="Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, rural areas, and suburbs, and its voter base became shaped by White Evangelicals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Democratic Party became the dominant party in urban areas, and its voter base diversified to include <a href="Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">trade unionists</a>, urban <a href="Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">knowledge workers</a>, progressive intellectuals, as well as racial, ethnic, and religious minorities. A critical factor was the major transformation of the political system in the <a href="Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a> of the 1980s and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>No clear disciplinary consensus has emerged pinpointing an electoral event responsible for shifting presidential and congressional control since the <a href="Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, when the Fifth Party System emerged. Much of the work published on the subject has come from <a href="Political_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientists">political scientists</a> explaining the events of their time either as the imminent breakup of the Fifth Party System, and the installation of a new one, or in terms of such transition taking place some time ago. In 2006, Arthur Paulson argued that a decisive realignment took place in the late 1960s. Other current writing on the Fifth Party System expresses admiration of its longevity, as the first four systems lasted about 30 to 40 years each, which would have implied that the early 21st century should see a Seventh Party System.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous party systems ended with the dominant party losing two consecutive House elections by large margins, and also losing a presidential election coinciding with or immediately following the second House election, which are decisive electoral evidence of political realignment, as it happened in the 1896 election. Such a shift took place between 2006 and 2008 in favor of the Democrats, but the Republicans won the elections of 2010 by their biggest landslide since 1946 and finished the 2014 elections with their greatest number of House seats since 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to the 2017 edition of <i>The Logic of American Politics</i>, "a sixth party system is now in place." Although the precise starting date is a matter of debate, "the most salient difference between the current and New Deal party systems is the Republican Party's increased strength, exemplified by 20 majorities in the House and Senate in six straight elections (1994–2004), unprecedented since the fourth party system, [its] retaking of the House in 2010 and the Senate in 2014 [...] and its sweeping national victory in 2016."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Writing in 2020, political scientists Mark D. Brewer and <a href="L._Sandy_Maisel" title="L. Sandy Maisel">L. Sandy Maisel</a> argue "[i]t seems safe to state that the sixth American party system featured strong divisions between Republicans and Democrats, rooted in cleavages based on social class, social and cultural issues, race and ethnicity, and the proper size and scope of the federal government."<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process</i> (2021), Brewer and Maisel argue that the consensus among experts is that the Sixth System is underway based on American electoral politics since the 1960s, stating: "Although most in the field now believe we are in a sixth party system, there is a fair amount of disagreement about how exactly we arrived at this new system and about its particular contours. Scholars do, however, agree that there has been significant change in American electoral politics since the 1960s."<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2></div>

<p>

</p>

<p>Opinions on when the Sixth Party System began include the elections of 1966 to 1968, the election of 1972, the 1980s when both parties began to become more unified and partisan, and the 1990s due to cultural divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Political scientist Stephen C. Craig argues for the <a href="1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 election</a>, when <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> won a 49-state landslide. He notes that "[t]here seems to be consensus on the appropriate name for the sixth party system. [...] Changes that occurred during the 1960s were so great and so pervasive that they cry out to be called a critical-election period. The new system of candidate-centered parties is so distinct and so portentous that one can no longer deny its existence or its character."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</i> dates the start in <a href="1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>, with the election of Reagan <a href="1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">and a Republican Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Paulson argues that "[w]hether electoral change since the 1960s is called 'realignment' or not, the 'sixth party system' emerged between 1964 and 1972."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_Seventh_Party_System">Proposed Seventh Party System</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a></div>

<p>Some scholars and pundits have also posited that the Sixth Party System has ended while the Seventh Party System is forming or has begun. Mark D. Brewer and <a href="L._Sandy_Maisel" title="L. Sandy Maisel">L. Sandy Maisel</a> speculate that "in the wake of <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s 2016 presidential victory, there is now strengthening debate as to whether we are entering a new party system as Trump fundamentally reshapes the Republican party and the Democratic party responds and evolves as well."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One argument for a Seventh Party System is a shift in demographics and voting patterns. Non-whites, who predominantly vote Democratic, have grown as a share of the population, and previously Republican-leaning secular college-educated whites have moved to the left. At the same time, Republicans have made significant inroads with white voters without a college degree, while holding steady with evangelical voters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerstle2022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstle2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another noteworthy feature of presidential elections in the 21st century is a consistent Democratic lean in the popular vote. Republicans have lost the popular vote in seven out of the last nine presidential elections. The re-elections of <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in <a href="2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> and Donald Trump in <a href="2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> have been the only Republican popular vote wins since 1988, standing in significant contrast to the Republican victory streak in the late Fifth and early Sixth Party Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Under the theory that third party realignments determine the beginning of new party systems, it could be argued that the Seventh Party System began around 2008, when the Independents/Reform voters of 1980, 1992 and 1996 realigned into the Democratic Party, making the Democrats the dominant party in the White House since 2008. This realignment would explain the North and West Coast shifting from competitive regions to Democratic strongholds after 2008, as well as explain the newly competitive nature of suburban states.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_dealignment_period">Possible dealignment period</h2></div>

<p>One possible explanation for the lack of an agreed-upon beginning of the Sixth Party System is the brief period of <a href="Dealignment" title="Dealignment">dealignment</a> immediately preceding it. Dealignment is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation without developing a new one to replace it. <a href="Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> and Avram Hochstein identify the time period of the American dealignment as 1958 to 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the dealignment interpretation remains the consensus view among scholars, a few political scientists argue that partisanship remained so powerful that dealignment was much exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div>

<p>Harris and Tichenor argue: "At the level of issues, the sixth party system was characterized by clashes over what rights to extend to various groups in society. The initial manifestations of these clashes were race-based <a href="School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">school desegregation</a> and <a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, but women's issues, especially abortion rights, soon gained equal billing. [...] To these were added in the 1980s <a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> defense and in the 1990s gay rights."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>New voter coalitions included the emergence of the "<a href="Christian_right" title="Christian right">religious right</a>", which is a combination of Catholics and Evangelical Protestants united on opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage. Southern white voters started voting Republican at the presidential level in the 1950s, and at state and local level in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominating_candidates">Nominating candidates</h3></div>

<p>In the chaotic campaign for the Democratic nomination in 1968, <a href="Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> won the nomination without entering any primaries. He was selected by state and local party officials. The old system of using county caucuses and state party conventions to pick the delegates largely gave way in 1972 to <a href="Primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Primaries">primaries</a>, thanks to the reforms proposed by the <a href="McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission" title="McGovern–Fraser Commission">McGovern–Fraser Commission</a> for the Democrats. The Republicans followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One result was that locally powerful politicians lost their power to shape national tickets, and their influence in Washington. The new-style <a href="United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national convention</a> was rarely the site of bargaining and dealing, but instead became a ratification ceremony run by the winner in the primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_finance">Campaign finance</h3></div>

<p>Even more dramatic was the increase in spending thanks to new fund-raising techniques and deregulation of campaign finance laws. The major growth was not in the business or labor sectors, but in the network organizations of political parties, and most particularly the national organizations of state elected and party officials.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Supreme Court gave decisive support to reducing limits in <i><a href="Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010). That decision enabled corporations, labor unions, and Super PACs, among others, to advertise as much as they please within 30 days of a primary election or within 60 days of a general election. Two years before the decision, the 2008 presidential election saw spending independent of the parties of $144 million. In the 2012 presidential election, independent spending had soared to over $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the state level, the 21st century saw a new electoral arena, with heavy fundraising and spending on advertising in campaigns for justices of state supreme courts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 and 2020, <a href="Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> financed presidential campaigns heavily from small-dollar donations generated online.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since 1980, the four presidential elections which have been won by the campaign that raised less money have been the campaigns for Ronald Reagan, which in 1980 raised less money than Jimmy Carter's campaign; Bill Clinton, which in 1996 raised less money than Bob Dole's campaign; and Donald Trump, which in 2016 raised less money than Hillary Clinton's campaign and in 2024 raised less money than Kamala Harris's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History of the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History of the Republican Party (United States)</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_systems_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Party systems in the United States">Party systems in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states" title="Political party strength in U.S. states">Political party strength in U.S. states</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Politics of the Southern United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars and pundits have posited that the Sixth Party System has ended and a <a href="Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a> is forming.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since Reconstruction, <a href="Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in <a href="1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> and <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in <a href="1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> were the only Republicans to win the overall South though they both lost the Deep South.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

</div>

<li id="cite_note-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_&_Maisel_2020_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark D. Brewer and <a href="L._Sandy_Maisel" title="L. Sandy Maisel">L. Sandy Maisel</a>, <i>Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process</i> (9th ed. 2021) p 42 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cPRDwAAQBAJ&q=sixth">online</a></span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFNeiheisel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Neiheisel, Jacob R. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/136/2/379/6848670">"Moral Victories in the Battle for Congress: Cultural Conservatism and the House GOP"</a></span>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>136</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>380. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolq.13191">10.1002/polq.13191</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz, <i>The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (2008)</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Collins2009" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Collins (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqqrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Transforming America: Politics and Culture During the Reagan Years</i></a>. Columbia UP. p. 57. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780231124010</bdi>. <q>[The Reagan presidency] produced a political transformation that altered substantially the terms of debate in American politics and public life.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Aldrich-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich (1999).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Sullivan" class="citation news cs1">Sean Sullivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/12/17/mcsally-win-gives-gop-historic-majority-in-house">"McSally win gives GOP historic majority in House"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_KernellGary_C._JacobsonThad_KousserLynn_Vavreck2017" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Kernell; Gary C. Jacobson; Thad Kousser; <a href="Lynn_Vavreck" title="Lynn Vavreck">Lynn Vavreck</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4BZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>The Logic of American Politics, 8th edition</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781506358635</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sixthpartysystem.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/what-is-the-sixth-party-system">"What is the sixth party system"</a>. May 19, 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkelections.org/FORUM/index.php?topic=147219.0">"The Sixth Party System in American Politics (1976–2012)"</a>. <i>talkelections.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Copulsky2013" class="citation web cs1">Alex Copulsky (July 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketfailure.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/perpetual-crisis-and-the-sixth-party-system">"Perpetual Crisis and the Sixth Party System"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen C. Craig, <i>Broken Contract? Changing Relationships between Americans and Their Government</i> (1996) p. 105</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, et al. eds, <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</i> (2009) Vol. 2, pg. 288</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Paulson, "Party change and the shifting dynamics in presidential nominations: The Lessons of 2008." <i>Polity</i> 41.3 (2009): 312–330, quoting page 314.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Maisel, <i>Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process</i> (9th ed. 2021) p 42 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cPRDwAAQBAJ&q=sixth">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVance2021" class="citation web cs1">Vance, Chris (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niskanencenter.org/the-seventh-party-system/">"The Seventh Party System – Niskanen Center"</a>. <i>Niskanen Center – Improving Policy, Advancing Moderation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gerstle2022-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerstle2022_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</i></a>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0197519646</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStellino" class="citation web cs1">Stellino, Molly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/09/fact-check-false-claim-electoral-college-republicans-misleads/11214140002/">"Fact check: Last Republican to win popular vote left office 14 years ago, not 30"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inglehart, Ronald, and Avram Hochstein. "Alignment and Dealignment of the Electorate in France and the United States." Comparative Political Studies 5.3 (1972): 343–372.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_J._Dalton2013" class="citation book cs1">Russell J. Dalton (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apartisanamerica0000dalt"><i>The Apartisan American: Dealignment and Changing Electoral Politics</i></a></span>. CQ Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apartisanamerica0000dalt/page/1">1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781452216942</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._HarrisDaniel_J._Tichenor2009" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Harris; Daniel J. Tichenor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1q0hcy1F2dMC&pg=RA1-PA98"><i>A History of the U.S. Political System: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 98. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781851097180</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. David Woodard, <i>The New Southern Politics</i> (2006). For a graph of the movement of Southern white voters see <cite id="CITEREFBrian_F._Schaffner2010" class="citation book cs1">Brian F. Schaffner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7kcTUn1G40C&pg=PA341"><i>Politics, Parties, and Elections in America</i></a> (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 31. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780495899167</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey S. Walz and John Comer, "State Responses to National Democratic Party Reform," <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 52.1 (1999): 189–208.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David B. Truman, "Party reform, party atrophy, and constitutional change: Some reflections." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 99.4 (1984): 637–655 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150705">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith E. Hamm, et al., "Independent spending in state elections, 2006–2010: vertically networked political parties were the real story, not business." <i>The Forum</i> 12#2 (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/45407241/Independent_Spending_in_State_Elections_20160506-91526-a094p0.pdf">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy L. Hansen, et al. "The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election." <i>Journal of Politics</i> 77.2 (2015): 535–545. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/680077">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris W. Bonneau, "Patterns of campaign spending and electoral competition in state supreme court elections." <i>Justice System Journal</i> 25.1 (2004): 21–38.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Corrado and Molly Corbett, "Rewriting the Playbook on Presidential Campaign Financing," in <i>Campaigning for President, 2008</i>, edited by Dennis W. Johnson (Routledge, 2009) pp. 126–46</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/most-expensive-election-ever">"The Most Expensive Election Ever"</a>. <i>Brennan Center for Justice</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrumholz2012" class="citation web cs1">Krumholz, Sheila (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/23/opinion/krumholz-money-elections/index.html">"Will money buy the White House?"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Aberbach, Joel D., and Gillian Peele, eds. <i>Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199764026/">excerpt and text search</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAldrich,_John_H.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Aldrich, John H. (1999). "Political Parties in a Critical Era". <i>American Politics Research</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>32. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673X99027001003">10.1177/1532673X99027001003</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154209484">154209484</a>.</cite> speculates on emergence of Seventh Party System</li>

<li>Alterman, Eric, and Kevin Mattson. <i>The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama</i> (2012) biographical approach by liberal experts; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Cause-American-Liberalism-Roosevelt/dp/0670023434/">excerpt and text search</a></li>

<li>Bibby, John F. "Party Organizations, 1946–1996," in Byron E. Shafer, ed. <i>Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics</i> (1998)</li>

<li>Brands, H.W. <i>The Strange Death of American Liberalism</i> (2003); a liberal view</li>

<li>Brewer, Mark D., and <a href="L._Sandy_Maisel" title="L. Sandy Maisel">L. Sandy Maisel</a>. <i>Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process</i> (9th ed. 2021) pp 42–47 excerpt.</li>

<li>Collins, Robert M. <i>Transforming America: Politics and Culture During the Reagan Years,</i> (2007).</li>

<li>Critchlow, Donald T. <i>The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America</i> (2nd ed. 2011); a conservative view</li>

<li>Ehrman, John. <i>The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan</i> (2008); a conservative view</li>

<li>Hayward, Steven F. <i>The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980</i> (2009), a conservative interpretation</li>

<li>Hayward, Steven F. <i>The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1400053579">excerpt and text search</a></li>

<li>Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932–1980," in <i>The Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i> (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp. 219–25,</li>

<li>Kabaservice, Geoffrey. <i>Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party</i> (2012) scholarly history favorable to moderates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rule-Ruin-Moderation-Destruction-Development/dp/0199768404/">excerpt and text search</a></li>

<li>Kazin, Michael. <i>What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party</i> (2022)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374200238/">excerpt</a></li>

<li>Martin, William. <i>With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America</i>, (1996)</li>

<li>Niemi, Richard G., and John H. Aldrich. "The sixth American party system: Electoral change, 1952–1992." in <i>Broken Contract?</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 87–109.</li>

<li>Paulson, Arthur. <i>Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy</i> (2006)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRauchLa_Raja2017" class="citation web cs1">Rauch, Jonathan; La Raja, Raymond J. (December 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/re-engineering-politicians-how-activist-groups-choose-our-politicians-long-before-we-vote/">"Re-engineering politicians: How activist groups choose our candidates—long before we vote"</a>. <a href="The_Brookings_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., ed. <i>History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008</i> (2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%22%20schlesinger">online v. 1. 1789–1824 – v. 2. 1824–1844 – v. 3. 1848–1868 – v. 4. 1872–1888 – v. 5. 1892–1908 – v. 6. 1912–1924 – v. 7. 1928–1940 – v. 8. 1944–1956 – v. 9. 1960–1968 – v. 10. 1972–1984 – v. 11. 1988–2001</a></li>

<li>Shade, William G., and Ballard C. Campbell, eds. <i>American presidential campaigns and elections</i> (Routledge, 2020) .</li>

<li>Shafer, Byron E. "Where Are We in History? Political Orders and Political Eras in the Postwar U.S.," <i>The Forum</i> (2007) Vol. 5#3, Article 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol5/iss3/art4">online edition</a></li>

<li>Wilentz, Sean. <i>The Age of Reagan: A History 1974–2008</i> (2008), by a leading liberal.</li>

<li><a href="Kate_Zernike" title="Kate Zernike">Zernike, Kate</a>. <i>Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America</i> (2010), by a New York Times reporter</li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_eras_of_the_United_States251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Political eras of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a> · <a href="Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">Political realignment</a> · <a href="Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br>tickets</a>,<br><a href="Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br>conventions</a>,<br>and<br><a href="List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br>primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li>

<li><a href="1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li>

<li><a href="1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li>

<li><a href="1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li>

<li><a href="1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li>

<li><a href="1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li>

<li><a href="1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li>

<li><a href="1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li>

<li><a href="1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li>

<li><a href="1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li>

<li><a href="1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li>

<li><a href="1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li>

<li><a href="1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a>

<ul><li><a href="1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a>

<ul><li><a href="1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>

<ul><li><a href="1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a>

<ul><li><a href="1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>

<ul><li><a href="1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>

<ul><li><a href="1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a>

<ul><li><a href="1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a>

<ul><li><a href="1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a>

<ul><li><a href="1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a>

<ul><li><a href="1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>

<ul><li><a href="1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>

<ul><li><a href="1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a>

<ul><li><a href="1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a>

<ul><li><a href="1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a>

<ul><li><a href="1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a>

<ul><li><a href="1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>

<ul><li><a href="1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>

<ul><li><a href="1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>

<ul><li><a href="1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a>

<ul><li><a href="1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a>

<ul><li><a href="1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a>

<ul><li><a href="1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a>

<ul><li><a href="2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a>

<ul><li><a href="2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a>

<ul><li><a href="2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a>

<ul><li><a href="2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a>

<ul><li><a href="2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a>

<ul><li><a href="2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a>

<ul><li><a href="2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br><a href="Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li>

<li><a href="James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li>

<li>Trump (<a href="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br>leaders</a><br>and<br><a href="Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br>chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li>

<li><a href="John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li>

<li><a href="George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li>

<li><a href="John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li>

<li><a href="William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li>

<li><a href="James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li>

<li><a href="Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li>

<li><a href="Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li>

<li><a href="Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li>

<li><a href="William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li>

<li><a href="Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li>

<li><a href="Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li>

<li><a href="Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li>

<li><a href="Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li>

<li><a href="John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br>leaders</a>,<br><a href="List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br>and<br><a href="House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br>chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li>

<li><a href="Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li>

<li><a href="James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li>

<li><a href="George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li>

<li><a href="J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li>

<li><a href="David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li>

<li><a href="John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li>

<li><a href="Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li>

<li><a href="Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li>

<li><a href="John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li>

<li><a href="William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li>

<li><a href="George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li>

<li><a href="John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li>

<li><a href="Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li>

<li><a href="B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li>

<li><a href="C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li>

<li><a href="Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li>

<li><a href="Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li>

<li><a href="Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li>

<li><a href="Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br>state and<br>territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li>

<li><a href="Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li>

<li><a href="Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li>

<li><a href="Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li>

<li><a href="Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>

<li><a href="Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li>

<li><a href="Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Campaign<br>committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Constituency<br>groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Muslim_Coalition" title="Republican Muslim Coalition">Republican Muslim Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li>

<li><a href="Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br>groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li>

<li><a href="ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Three_Leg_Stool_(GOP)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Leg Stool (GOP)">Three Legged Stool</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party1355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><div id="Democratic_Party1355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br>conventions</a>,<br><a href="List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br>tickets</a>,<br>and<br><a href="List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br>primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>

<li><a href="1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li>

<li><a href="1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li>

<li><a href="1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li>

<li><a href="1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li>

<li><a href="1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li>

<li><a href="1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li>

<li><a href="1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li>

<li><a href="1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li>

<li><a href="1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li>

<li><a href="1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li>

<li><a href="1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li>

<li><a href="1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li>

<li><a href="1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li>

<li><a href="1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li>

<li><a href="1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li>

<li><a href="1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li>

<li><a href="1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a>

<ul><li><a href="1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a>

<ul><li><a href="1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>

<ul><li><a href="1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a>

<ul><li><a href="1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a>

<ul><li><a href="1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a>

<ul><li><a href="1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a>

<ul><li><a href="1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a>

<ul><li><a href="1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>

<ul><li><a href="1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a>

<ul><li><a href="1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a>

<ul><li><a href="1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a>

<ul><li><a href="1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>

<ul><li><a href="1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>

<ul><li><a href="1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a>

<ul><li><a href="1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>)

<ul><li><a href="1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>

<ul><li><a href="1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>

<ul><li><a href="1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a>

<ul><li><a href="1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a>

<ul><li><a href="1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>

<ul><li><a href="1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>

<ul><li><a href="1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a>

<ul><li><a href="2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a>

<ul><li><a href="2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>

<ul><li><a href="2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>

<ul><li><a href="2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a>

<ul><li><a href="2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>

<ul><li><a href="2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a>

<ul><li><a href="2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br><a href="Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li>

<li>Cleveland (<a href="First_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First presidency of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>; <a href="Second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second presidency of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li>

<li>Roosevelt (<a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933%E2%80%931941)" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1941)">1933–1941</a>; <a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941–1945)">1941–1945</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br>leaders</a>,<br><a href="List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br>and<br><a href="House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br>chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li>

<li><a href="John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li>

<li><a href="George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li>

<li><a href="George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li>

<li><a href="William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li>

<li><a href="William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li>

<li><a href="John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li>

<li><a href="William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li>

<li><a href="David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li>

<li><a href="James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li>

<li><a href="John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li>

<li><a href="Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li>

<li><a href="Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li>

<li><a href="Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li>

<li><a href="John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li>

<li><a href="Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li>

<li><a href="William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li>

<li><a href="Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li>

<li><a href="John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li>

<li><a href="Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li>

<li><a href="Tip_O'Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li>

<li><a href="Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li>

<li><a href="Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br>leaders</a><br>and<br><a href="Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br>chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li>

<li><a href="William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li>

<li><a href="George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li>

<li><a href="David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li>

<li><a href="James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li>

<li><a href="J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li>

<li><a href="Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li>

<li><a href="Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li>

<li><a href="Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li>

<li><a href="Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li>

<li><a href="George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li>

<li><a href="Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_chairs_of_the_Democratic_National_Committee" title="List of chairs of the Democratic National Committee">Chairs</a> of<br>the <a href="Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li>

<li><a href="Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li>

<li><a href="Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li>

<li><a href="William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li>

<li><a href="James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li>

<li><a href="William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li>

<li><a href="Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li>

<li><a href="Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li>

<li><a href="George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">G. White</a></li>

<li><a href="Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li>

<li><a href="William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_O'Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_O'Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">J. White</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li>

<li><a href="Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li>

<li><a href="Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li>

<li><a href="Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br>territorial<br>parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li>

<li><a href="Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>

<li><a href="Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li>

<li><a href="Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li>

<li><a href="Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li>

<li><a href="Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li>

<li><a href="Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia Democratic State Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br>groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Campaign<br>committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Constituency<br>groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li>

<li><a href="High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Strategic<br>groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Democratic_Training_Committee" title="National Democratic Training Committee">National Democratic Training Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li>

<li><a href="Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li>

<li>Chairmanship elections

<li>House caucus leadership elections

<li><a href="Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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